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Passage 5

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.

Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting enjoy a more distant respect.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? （    ）

A. The problems faced by leaders

B. How leadership differs in small and large groups

C. How social groups determine who will lead them

D. The role of leaders in social groups

【答案】 D。主旨题。本篇主要讨论不同的领导者(如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders)在不同的社会群体中所充当的角色和发挥的功能。所以D为正确答案。A、B、C选项都不能正确概括本文主旨。

2.The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT（    ）.

A. recruitment

B. formal election process

C. specific leadership training

D. traditional cultural patterns

【答案】C。细节题。A选项的招募(recruitment)和B选项选举程序(election process)都在第一段中作为大群体的领导者产生的方式被明确提到。D选项也在第一段中作为家庭领导者的产生的方式被明确提到。只有C选项没有作为产生领导者的一种方式在本文中被提及。因此答案C正确。

3. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2? （    ）

A. A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group

B. Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person

C. A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership

D. Most people desire to can produce little evidence of their qualifications

【答案】A。推断题。A选项意思是：某一特定群体的有效领导者，不一定就可以成为另一群体的有效领导者。这正好与第二段的意思相吻合，即领导者没有一个固定的特点，只是符合了一个特定群体需要的人就有可能成为该群体的领导者(It seems...virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group)。B选项和C选项的意思与本文无关。D选项意为：许多人想成为领导者，但却很少能拿出证据来证明他们具有这样的资格。显然是对文章意思的曲解。

4.In mentioning “natural leaders” in Line 7, the author is making the point that（    ）

A. few people qualify as “natural leaders”

B. there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist

C. “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group

D.“natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics

【答案】B。细节题。第二段中“...decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of ‘natural leaders’”意思是说数十年来的研究并不能找出可靠证据来证明哪些人可以成为“天生领导者”，与B项意思一致。

5. The passage indicates instrumental leaders generally focus on（    ）__

A. ensuring harmonious relationships

B. sharing responsibility with group members

C. identifying new leaders

D. achieving a goal

【答案】D。细节题。第三、四段主要讲了两种类型的领导者的区别。其中instrumental leader侧重于群体目标的实现，而expressive leader相对于前者并不侧重于群体目标的实现，而是注重为群体成员提供情感支持，并尽力减少内部纷争。(Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them。) 因此答案D正确。